Conclusions.
In
the standard physical interpretation of black holes the event horizon that
appears in the Schwarzschild solutions is described as a removable singularity
which can be removed by a simple transformation to 'better behaved'
coordinates. Observers falling into a large black is
described as not noticing anything unusual as they fall through the event
horizon and once they have passed through there journey to the central
singularity is inevitable. In the body of this work I have given numerous
logical, physical and mathematical arguments as to why that standard
interpretation is simply wrong.
In
the new interpretation it is concluded that:
i)
Coordinate time
always advances.
ii)
Gravitational
acceleration reverses below the event horizon.
iii)
The Schwarzschild
event horizon is physically real and not removable.
iv)
Coordinate time
is only ever purely real and positive.
v)
Proper time can
be real or imaginary (but not both) and positive or negative relative to
coordinate time.
vi)
A singularity of
zero volume and infinite mass does not form at the centre of a black hole.
vii)
Particles that
comprise the mass of the black hole are located in asymptotic shells near the
event horizon.
viii)
Light cones never
tilt over beyond the horizontal. Light never travels backwards in time.
ix)
The information
loss paradox is a non paradox and does not require any exotic explanation.
x)
The event horizon
is a two way barrier rather than a one way barrier as is conventionally
claimed.
I
have shown where the flaws are in the alternative coordinates systems that
claim to shown that the Schwarzschild event horizon is removable. I have shown
that the equations for coordinate and proper motion of a falling particle in
the standard interpretation are in logical and physical contradiction with each
other and I have shown how to correct the equations. I have provided a new
coordinate system and a new metric where time and space are unambiguous and
unique entities, allowing the physics of a black hole to studied in a clear and
sensible manner. The new metric has a clear advantage over the Kruskal-Szekeres
metric in this aspect.
The
blemish on General Relativity of the central singularity of infinite density
has been removed and Einstein is vindicated in his lonely assertion that black
holes in the popular sense, are an unphysical
interpretation of his theory.
The
new physical interpretation provides a new simple, clear, sound and logical
foundation for further research. It provides a useful tool to cut through the
fog of latter day physics, which some people might feel has become over abstracted and
lost its way somewhat.
For
a guide to the terminology used for the various forms of time used in this
work, please see here.
The
cost of accepting the new interpretation is:
a)
Accepting that
gravity can reverse.
b)
Accepting proper
time can be purely imaginary.
c)
Accepting that
the Schwarzschild event horizon is not a removable singularity.
d)
Accepting that there
is no causal link in either direction across the event horizon.
e)
Rejecting the
notion that Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates predict white holes and worm holes to
other universes.
The
benefits of accepting the new interpretation are:
f)
Removal of the
concept of an infinite density singularity at the centre of black holes.
g)
Removal of the
concept of light and particles travelling backwards in coordinate time.
h)
A description of
particle motion in proper time that is logical agreement with motion in
coordinate time.
i)
A consistent
definition of coordinate time as only ever being real and positive.
j)
A firmer
foundation for General Relativity.
I
was not sure whether to categorise item (e) as a cost or benefit. Personally I
think it is a benefit but without the possibility of using worm holes to travel to
other universes there might be a real cost in terms of sales of books on black holes.
Gravity
tells time how to tick and time tells gravity which way is up.
(c) 2008 KevPegrume